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Class 12 (Chemistry)

Chemistry (CBSE Board Overview)

Class 12th chemistry includes many intricate topics. Applications of chemistry are useful and involved in almost every part of life. It has been boon to mankind since ancient times as it useful and involved from medical applications to most complicated gene studies. Students planning to prepare various medical exams or taking chemistry further for higher studies should keep their concepts and fundamentals of chemistry crystal clear. Chemistry can be quite complicated but it is not a tough nut to crack. A hand-to hand practice and thorough revisions can help students to score well in this particular subject and further boost their result of class 12th Board examinations.

Unit wise Marks Distribution
Unit Marks
Unit 1: Solid State 04
Unit 2: Solution 05
Unit 3: Electrochemistry 05
Unit 4: Chemical Kinetics 05
Unit 5: Surface Chemistry 03
Unit 6: General Principle & Processes of Isolation of Elements 03
Unit 7: p-block Elements 08
Unit 8: d and f-block Elements 05
Unit 9: Co-ordination compounds 03
Unit 10: Haloalkane & Haloarenes 04
Unit 11: Alcohols, Phenols& Ethers 04
Unit 12: Aldehyde, Ketone and Carboxylic Acid 06
Unit 13: Organic compounds containing Nitrogen 04
Unit 14: Biomolecules 04
Unit 15: Polymers 03
Unit 16: Chemistry in everyday life 03

Unit 1: Solid State

  • Classification based on different binding forces
  • Crystalline and Amorphous Solid
  • Unit cell: in two dimensional and three dimensional lattices, density of unit cell, packing in solids, voids, number of atoms per unit cell, point defects.
  • Band theory: Metals, Conductors and Semiconductors and Insulators
  • n and p-type semiconductors.

Unit 2: Solutions

  • Types of solutions
  • Expressing Concentration of solutions
  • Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure
  • Colligative Properties & Determination of Molar mass
  • Abnormal molecular mass
  • Vapour Pressure of Liquid solutions
  • Depression of Freezing point.

Unit 3: Electrochemistry

  • Redox Reactions
  • Electrolytic Cells and Electrolysis: Electrolytic Solutions
  • Galvanic Cells, Dry Cells and electrolytic Cells: EMF of a cell.
  • Nernst Equation and its applications.
  • Kohlraush’s Law
  • Corrosion
  • Fuel Cells

Unit 4: Chemical Kinetics

  • Rate of Reaction: Integrated Rate of a reactions, factors affecting the rate of reaction, Temperature dependence.
  • Order and molecularity of a reaction, rate law, specific rate constant, integrated rate equations and half life.
  • Concept of collision theory.
  • Activation energy
  • Arrhenius equation.

Unit 5: Surface Chemistry

  • Adsorption: factors affecting adsorption of gases on solids
  • Catalysis, homogenous and heterogeneous activity and selectivity; enzyme catalysis colloidal state distinction between true solutions,
  • Colloids: Preparation of colloids and suspensions
  • Properties of Colloids: Tyndall effect, Brownian movement, electrophoresis, coagulation. Emulsion: types of emulsions.

Unit 6: General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements

  • Principles and Methods of extraction
  • Oxidation and Reduction
  • Electrolytic method and refining
  • Occurrence of extraction of aluminium, copper, zinc and iron.

Unit 7: p-block Elements

Group 15 Elements:

  • Introduction, Configuration, Oxidation State, Occurrence, Physical & Chemical Properties.
  • Nitrogen: Preparation properties, uses, compounds, properties of ammonia and nitric acid, oxides of nitrogen.
  • Phosphorus – allotropic forms, compounds of phosphorus: preparation and properties of phosphine, halides PCl3 , PCl5 and oxoacids.

Group 16 Elements:

  • Introduction, Configuration, Oxidation State, Occurrence, Physical & Chemical Properties.
  • Dioxygen: Preparation properties and uses
  • Oxides: Classification of Oxides, Ozone.
  • Sulphur: Sulphur allotropic form, Compounds of sulphur, uses of Sulphur-di-oxide, Sulphuric acid, oxoacids of sulphur.

Group 17 Elements:

  • Introduction, Configuration, Oxidation State, Occurrence, Physical & Chemical Properties.
  • Halogen Compounds, uses of Chlorine and Hydrochloric Acid, interhalogen compounds, oxoacids of halogens.

Group 18 Elements:

  • Introduction, Configuration, Oxidation State, Occurrence, Physical & Chemical Properties.

Unit 8: d and f-block elements

  • Introduction, Configuration, Oxidation State, Occurrence, Physical & Chemical Properties.
  • Transition Metals: Characteristics and Occurrence
  • Potassium Dichromate & Potassium Permanganate: Preparation and Properties
  • Lanthanoids – Electronic configuration, oxidation states, and lanthanoid contraction.
  • Actinoids – Electronic configuration, oxidation states.

Unit 9: Coordination Compounds

  • IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds.
  • Bonding in Metal carbonyl’s
  • Introduction and Werner’s theory of Coordination Compounds.
  • Valence Bond theory and Crystal field Theory: structure and stereo isomerism, importance.

Unit 10: Haloalkanes and Haloarenes

  • Haloalkanes: Classification, Applications, Nomenclature, nature of C-X bond.
  • Haloarenes: Nature of C -X bond, substitution reactions
  • Uses and environmental effects of – dichloromethane, trichloromethane, tetrachloromethane, iodoform freons, DDT.

Unit 11: Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers

  • Alcohols: Nomenclature, preparation methods, physical and chemical properties, identification of alcohols (Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary), mechanism of dehydration, Uses.
  • Phenols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, Properties, acidic nature of phenol, electrophilic substitution reactions, uses of phenols.
  • Ethers: Nomenclature, Preparation Methods, Properties and Uses.

Unit 12: Aldehydes, Ketones, and Carboxylic Acids

  • Aldehydes and Ketones: Nomenclature, Preparation Methods, Properties, Nucleophilic addition reaction.
  • Carboxylic Acids: Nomenclature, acidic nature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties; uses.

Unit 13: Organic Compounds and Containing Nitrogen

  • Amines: Structure, Classification, Nomenclature, Preparation Method, Properties, Uses, Identification of Amines (Primary, Secondary & Tertiary).
  • Cyanides and Isocyanides: Structure, Classification, Nomenclature, Preparation Method, Properties and Uses
  • Diazonium salts: Structure, Classification, Nomenclature, Preparation Method, Properties, and importance in synthetic organic chemistry.

Unit 14: Biomolecules

  • Carbohydrates: Classification and Uses.
  • Proteins: Structures, Elementary idea of α – amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides, proteins. Denaturation of proteins and enzymes.
  • Vitamins: Classification and functions.
  • Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA structures.

Unit 15: Polymers

  • Classification, Polymerization Method, Copolymerization
  • Natural and Synthetic Polymers.
  • Biodegradable and non-biodegradable polymers.

Unit 16: Chemistry in Everyday Life

  • Chemicals in Foods.
  • Drugs and their Classification
  • Chemicals in medicines: antiseptics, disinfectants, antifertility drugs, antibiotics, antacids, antihistamines etc.
  • Chemicals in food: Preservatives, artificial sweetening agents.
  • Cleansing agents: Soaps and detergents, cleansing action.